A Japanese team sows excitement in the Japanese capital, revealing that the next “Big One” could happen in four years. The imminent possibility of a strong earthquake near Tokyo was one of the Japanese media in recent days. The source of this information, the statements Naoshi Hirata, University of Tokyo. The researcher said, in effect, a study now estimates at 70% risk over the next four years, the occurrence of an earthquake of magnitude 7 or greater, in Greater Tokyo.Only problem: the work in question have not yet been published in English in a peer-review, and still not available. Faced with the emotion of his words, the researcher said it was only a statistical risk, but not a prediction. The authorities estimate, in turn, that the risk is 70% in the next thirty years.

Hirata’s study takes into account the new situation created by the earthquake of magnitude 9 struck the northeastern coast of Japan, March 11, 2011, causing a disaster chain with a giant tsunami caused the accident central Fukushima. Since then, the increased seismic activity in the Tokyo area. The Japan Meteorological Agency has registered a daily average of 1.48 magnitude earthquake in this area more than three (577, 11 March to 31 December 2011). Earthquakes often in the Tokyo area, but many are not shock felt by the population. At the moment, however, their number is five times higher than that generally observed before 11 March 2011.

More than 100,000 victims in 1923

“I’d like to see calculations of Japanese researchers. But to the eye, it seems reasonable, says Jean-Philippe Avouac, director of the Caltech Tectonics (USA). After an earthquake, the stresses are redistributed on a regional level and thisincreases the likelihood of further earthquakes. During the earthquake, the biggest constraints are important. “The best example of interactions breaking the crust is provided by the Sumatra earthquake of December 26, 2004 magnitude 9.3 which was followed by another in the same area , magnitude 8.5, March 28, 2005.

In the Kanto region in which it is attached to the Japanese capital, the tremors are caused by the main thrust of the Philippine plate against the Eurasian plate, the blame Sagami (see chart). Two large earthquakes have occurred in recent times: one in 1703 (magnitude 8.2) and another in 1923 (magnitude 7.9), which claimed over 100,000 lives. Both had caused tsunamis with wave heights of 5 meters or less.

“The time between two earthquakes depends on interactions between the cracks”

To get an idea of the frequency of earthquakes in the Kanto, the first study of paleoseismology conducted in the region has brought new elements. Published on Thursday in the Journal of Physical Research, reveals in fact a powerful earthquake occurred in 1293 and has also caused a tsunami similar to those of 1703 and 1923. Historically, the occurrence of earthquakes in the Tokyo area varies between 200 or 400 years. The earthquake of March 11, 2011 that affect the mechanical and complicate the work of seismologists? “The time between two earthquakes is highly variable and depends largely on the interactions between faults, says Jean-Philippe Avouac. If there was a defect in one nature, one might think that the frequency of earthquakes is almost constant.” Unfortunately, these defects do not exist.

Source: www.lefigaro.fr

The functions are directed towards the general objectives set by the national health plan, approved by the government, in consultation with the Permanent Conference for Relations between State and Regions.

The National Service of Civil Protection, 1. February 24, 1992 n. 225, headed by the Civil Protection Department of the Presidency of the Council. These include government departments, regions, provinces, municipalities, mountain communities. Central bodies are the National Committee and Operating Committee.

Facilities are operational firefighters, the Forestry Corps, the Red Cross is also planned participation in the event of disasters, volunteers who are given grants.

Since the direct exercise of business by the government proved negative ‘have recourse to public administration in private. Some of these forms has already said that the public business in which the top-46 adopting organizational models of ‘public order, to. The rest is governed by private law.

We are contracting for the private exercise of public functions such as pension funds and support mandatory categories for lawyers or notaries. The d.l. June 30, 1994 n.509 has turned these by public entities in associations or foundations. Finally, there is the phenomenon for which public administrations make use of private individuals through contracts that are concluded from time to time. This collaboration can buy character continuity is reflected for example in the U.S., where rather than opens up future private offices rely on the realization of certain tasks, or in France.

In Italy it makes use of private or contract or authoritative measures such concessions. Relies contract, eg., Cleaning or surveillance of public buildings to private companies. With the granting of work and service, the government relies on his private duties.The relationship is governed by the grant from which obligations arise for the dealer. The new code of ‘road vehicle includes revisions to the conditions of safety. The Ministry of Transport may assign these reviews to companies for authorization for a period of five years. The companies completed the revision transmit the certification to the provincial offices of vehicle registration.

This term indicates the employment relationship, which binds the holder of a public administration organ but it does not define the nature of the relationship that represents a variable element. 11 to give way to it lies in the fact that governments use to their offices, professional staff, bound by a contract of employment in consideration of services performed, is referred to as the employment relationship but its public nature is not a constant.After the unification of Staro and throughout the last century, the employment relationship with the state was considered primarily of private, special or better than civil law, in relation to the presence of rights and reciprocal duties. One was not either a general framework of the private employment relationship, generally placed in the location of the work or the employment relationship with the state he public.

The reform laws in the majority of the electoral system introduced by County Executive and a stabilization and a common form of presidential government. The regional authorities have pararegionali (now APS).Economic activities and services are managed directly or (in economics)-or through special agencies (public body econom. Or SPA.). The field is set to 1. 8/6/90 No.142. We know that among these entities may be different forms of aggregation such as the districts (for the larger municipalities) or Groupings of municipalities and provinces to carry out activities over large areas (transport) or metropolitan cities.Administrative action is exercised on a control that takes into account the increasingly autonomous nature of these entities. The functions and tasks of these institutions that were awarded on a basis of assignments for each subject, now under 1. March 15, 1997 n. 59 and in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity referred to the same law, are generally granted in relation to the care of the interests and promoting the development of their communities. In addition to these last two laws concerning local self-government, we must also make reference to rules governing the manner of voting and in the form of local government (1. 1993-94) which has been mentioned and 1. No. 439 of 30 December 1989 on the notification and implementation of the European Convention on the European Charter of Local Self-signed in Strasbourg on 15 October 1985, according to this “Charter” of local law to regulate and administer, under the law, under its responsibilities to the people, an important part of public affairs.

Provides that the powers given to local authorities must be full and exclusive. Sets limits to the controls, introduces the principle of financial autonomy. The 142/90 replaces in full the TT.UU. the 1934 and 1915 and the totally redesigned. local government. At present local authorities are additional municipalities, communities with fewer than 5,000 inhabitants and other group forms of which have been mentioned. It ‘expected autonomy statute, defines the relationship between politics and administration by separating the two levels. The relationship between center and periphery have become so complex and intricate as to have a mutual relationship of interdependence.

You tried to untie this knot the legal system (laws and address frame) or procedural, giving rise to the appropriate institutions (Building Committee (ERC); Rome Capital Commission (1990)).

It is composed of governments, which hold separate administrations in order not according to scale or hierarchical relation between center and periphery, but in terms of the community served.

The employment agencies (1987) 89), associated with state, regional and private organization and management of labor and employment policies in the regions. The organs of the Ministry of labor appoints the director, but the rest of the organization is determined by agreements with the regions that give resources and personnel. The National Health Service 1.833/1978 Replaced the system has multiple pre-existing. And ‘”public company with legal personality”, runs a general manager who uses uri administrative director, a medical director and a board of health.

The need to respond which is due to the need for equalization, coordination, etc.. This contrasts with the organization of federal countries like Germany or the United States, where the territorial administration is left to the regions. Branch offices of the Italian administration respond to different reasons are always present from the beginning of the unit: need for control of the executions took, distrust of the ruling class to local leaders, need to avoid particularism, the centrifugal tendencies, the inequalities. Thus was born the administration chain. But while in France the action between center and periphery is coordinated by the Commissioner of the Republic (former warden), the Commissioner of the government in Italy is not managed to establish itself as a coordinating authority, 15 of the 19 ministries have a more or less developed peripheral administration. The Finance Ministry is “8 of the 11 Directorates-General in the suburbs, theMinistry of the prefectures, Labour, labor offices, the education authorities of Education.

The territorial dimension is variable: the more widespread the province, but there are Admin. interregional, regional, international. The distribution of tasks between central and local offices is not homogeneous, not always have the first and second powers of decision enforcement, often have their own tasks. And ‘the Constitution has provided that type of organization where Article. 5 states that “services dependent on the state” and art. 121 “administrative functions exercised by the State” in the region. But the constitution itself has been disregarded provided that where the matters listed in art. 117 not permanessero state branch offices. The function of the Commissioner ruled tome coordinating body has revealed deficiencies in what has tried to remedy the October 11 Council Directive regulating the functions of the Commissioner to ensure cooperationbetween state and regions.

Another attempt at coordination is entrusted to the provincial committee of the P. A.Chaired by the prefect and composed of heads of decentralized government offices, the committee must ensure the proper performance, fairness, and coordination of state activities in provincial level. A. Local Government Local or territorial apparatus consists established in areas of different sizes, which unlike the state branch offices are elective. These are the regions (20) Municipalities (8013) provinces (103) to which we must add the Consortia, Mountain Communities, Health Units, municipal companies. These entities joined the first named of direct labor or self-sufficient, are contracting for care of the collective interests of representative character.

The origin of these bodies is historical, as in the cut that they were now more or less pre-existing unification. The reason dell’elettività gods heads of local government is to to reaffirm the balance-policy administration, in view of a citizen participation.

The organization of the summit is regulated in a uniform manner at national, for the region is the Constitution (Art. 121) that determines it. There is a council (regional, provincial, municipal, elected by the community with legislative or regulatory tasks, such as a council executive, a president or mayor, elected or appointed. The government of such institutions was changed from-1.March 25, 1993 n. For 81 provinces and common, and 1. 25/2/95 No. 43 for the regions.

The provision of the Revenue of December 22, 2011 determined that the minimum taxpayers are no longer subject to backup withholding, eliminating the disparity potentially exists between 20% retention of self-employment and 5% of the substitute. They also abolished the withholding on the commissions (23% to 50% of compensation) and services to condominiums (4%).

The decision is also made clear that the invoices issued by the minimum taxpayers paid in 2011 and in 2012, if the taxpayer maintains the regime facilitated, shall not be subject to

withholding tax. And ‘therefore appropriate that the “old” minimum passing in the new regime to send its customers the new counts for the payment of invoices.

The clarifications Phone (18 / 10 / 2011)

Telephone conference held during the October 18, 2011, the Revenue Agency has explicitly indicated that, for access to the new regime of minimum, reference should be art. 13 of Law 388/2000 and the related explanatory circulars nos. 1 and 8 of 2001. They can access the new system of minimum from 2012 also the subjects who started the business after December 31, 2007 and that, in 2011, are not applying the current regime of low (eg, because they apply the rules on new initiatives or the ordinary regime), they are not bound to apply Also in 2012 the same regime of 2011. We recall that the regime of new initiatives is binding on the starting year and the next two activities.

Responses were confirmed by the tax regime in relation to new initiatives, that the only opening of the VAT does not constitute a beginning of activity (CM 1 / 2001) and is can benefit from the new regime facilitated in the case of the former self-employed occasionally (MR 239/2009).

The continuation of another activity occurs when the two assets have the same economic substance and are based on the organization of the same media (CM 8 / 2001), that fact be assessed on a case by case basis, provided that, if it has been over a year after the activity ceased earlier, it is difficult to argue that the new activity is a mere continuationthe old.

The foreclosure of access to the system of minimum for employees applies when the activity is carried out with a VAT is the continuation of the Committee of Ambassadors principal (first employer, then “Customer”), perhaps with the use of the same goods as before (cars, computers). The mere fact of having done an activity before the employee the VAT does not preclude access to the new regime of minimum.

In essence, based on the above by the IRS in Circular 1 and 8 of 2001 concerning the system for new initiatives L. 388/2000, the denial of access to the scheme in case of “continuation” of continuation of previous work if such activity has elusive nature, as it is adopted as a new activity for the sole purpose of enjoying tax benefits. So, will not be the elusive behavior of the employee of an artisan who creates a new company to play in putting the very same business as the previous employer. Similarly the doctor hospital, completed the requirements for retirement, starting a business professional can access the system facilitated because, though based on a skills acquired over the years, beginning an entirely new one.

The economic measure of summer 2011 (Article 27) drastically restricts the number of persons who may have access to the system of minimum taxpayers.

The new rule seems to be particularly detrimental to those individuals who hold a different income subject to income tax under the ordinary rules (eg employees and retirees), which could avoid

the average rate of increase in personal income tax regime by adopting the minimum for a sideline self-employment. According to the report accompanying the decree, only 4% of subjects

currently adopt the system of minimum can store in 2012.

The new tax regime applies to the start of the year and for the next 4, with a further facility for taxpayers under the age of 35 years, for which the procedure is facilitated

but in effect until the year of completion of 35 years of age (normally not present in the original text of the decree, but on conversion introduced by Law No. 111 July 5, 2011)

In practice, if the taxpayer has started its activities in 2008, the last year covered by the facility will be 2012, but if the taxpayer in 2008 was 25 years old, retains the advantage

until 2018 (the year in which occurs the completion of 35 years of chronological age), provided you keep the other requirements (limit of income and value of capital goods, absence of employees, etc..).

Who started the business in 2012 will keep the subsidized scheme until 2016.

Recall that the “tax year” for individuals coincides with the calendar year and that the deadlines for implementing the system easier to refer to that fact. Therefore, a taxpayer who started business 12 October 2009, choosing the system of minimum taxpayers at the time the VAT, will apply the rules easier for the year 2009 (the starting year of activity) and for the years 2010-2013 (four years). From 1 January 2014, this person will leave the system of minimum taxpayers. The consequence of this new limit is that all activities in existence on December 31, 2007, which are passed to the system of minimum in 2008, will cease the application of the system easier to December 31, 2011, in the course of fourth year following the commencement of operations.

A further restriction on access to the new regime, the rules governing the recovery for new initiatives in art. 13 L. 388/2000, comes from the fact that the activity should not be undertaken

the continuation of work carried out in the previous three years, even in a partnership, family business, work or self-employed (excluding practicum mandatory for

professions). Neither can be the continuation of an activity of others, which last year resulted in revenues exceeding EUR 30 000.

For taxpayers who begin a new activity, which involves a substantial amount of VAT on purchases (eg trade activities), we recall that the 2011 maneuver has not abolished the regime

of art. L.388/2000 13 (so-called “forfettino”). It ‘can then choose, at the time the VAT, not only the regime of minimum, but also facilitated the scheme that

allows the deduction of VAT on purchases, but not pressed the deduction of social security contributions and provides for a tax in lieu of additional personal income tax and related (but not IRAP) of 10%.

Given the restriction on the number of recipients, the rate of replacement is reduced from 20% to 5%.

The Constitution Article 97, in the section on public administration, the law sets a reserve for the organization to ensure the smooth running of the organization and impartiality problem is usually tackled starting from the theory of the body that is a derivation of the theory of the State not as a direct representation, but a relationship mediated by the body. So we cannot identify the organ with the individual who holds it. We have seen since, the bodies as “institution” giving effect to the will and the entity that they are responsible individuals (S. Roman). But behind these definitions is the vision of the State in view of its unity. Failing this will its unity will be part of its relationship with the organs and bodies to each other?

The complexity of legal relationships between the agencies has become so obvious that to overcome it, it is necessary to resort to detailed procedural disciplines that establish relationships between the various offices.

Behind the problem is the theme of the organ of the State of which one cannot say more would be a body or an aggregate of subjective legal figures (Giannini), the meanings of the term state are so numerous (there are 145 were counted in 1931), not to be used. Moreover there is no need to anchor to a higher power sovereign, because sovereignty is left to the people (Article 1 cost.), and in the legal sovereignty of the people it must be admitted to a multiplicity of power centers (pluralism). In general, the organization comes into being when a function is found (e.g. the requirements of development of the South, for which they needed extraordinary government intervention in the field of public works and agriculture imposed by the creation of an administrative apparatus, cash for the South with a legal personality

and financial resources). A function is highlighted and the discipline that goes with it is organized and distribute among several offices. Public offices are so numerous as to make it difficult exhaustive classification. Necessary offices are established by a rule of law, but if the power to establish and left the same apparatus, which can create it or not, you are in the presence of unnecessary offices.                                Then there is the distinction in relation to the duration of ordinary and extraordinary. Ordinary ones are permanent, the latter have a time limit, so the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno, many ministerial committees. The risk is that ordinary office that will last until a specific law does not declare the end (1 Laws U.S. sunset.). In the long term objectives are also contracting for purpose. In relation to the area in which they operate, the offices may be central, peripheral, local, and mixed. Central ministries are working in Rome, peripheral central office employees, but those places in the suburbs (the Department of Education with respect to the Ministry of Education). Are local self-government offices, located in the suburbs: regions, municipalities and provinces. The offices are located centrally mixed, but also represent local interests (ERC Committee for residential buildings). In relation to the structures of the offices can be simple or complex: the ministry is an office complex.

Think of the certification and discipline of public savings, where they must ensure that private acts to be held on have requirements of certainty and transparency or the authoritative determination of prices or the planning of urban soils. On closer inspection these attributions are in sight of the ends which can be organized, conservation (police certificate), wellness (health protection, education, culture, etc.). These features are typical of an administration of performance, as opposed to a management action corresponding to the duality rule of law-welfare state. This is a phenomenon studied by German legal science that we want to understand why the dialectic between freedom and private administrative limit, authorities appear increasingly as providers of useful services to individuals. And the reality of the welfare state for which the new business of providing public authorities are distinct from the traditional economic activities, because the end aimed at realization is generally positive. The functions, seen in the synthesis of several items listed, are somewhat different from the organization and processes covered in the other study on administrative law because it does not end in them but it is sorted by the functions. Since there are no limits to the scope of functions of government, except those arising from the fact that legal entities from which the inapplicability of certain institutions such as marriage or the will, we will try to identify the main changes of administrative and to look at those now prevailing. To understand the historical evolution of functions and to identify those prevalent today, simply refer to expenditure and staff. While, for example, spending for public order and security has remained stable in percentage terms, from the beginning of the century to today, that for security funds has risen by 30 points, that of health education for 4. And services for defense spending in general have declined.

On the legal significance of the organization which has occurred in the past, students of German administrative law have mixed-positions. While science among asserrari State (Von Stein), the right of the organization was an integral part of administrative law, other (Otto Meyer) it excluded this subject because the principles concerning the organization remained within the administration, and had no effect on the community in terms of rights and duties. The reasons for this position are rooted in liberalism, which we know was concerned, administrative law, individuals and the state of the relationship and to establish safeguards to the first in the state. In addition to his rise to the administrative law has used the techniques of private law as related to individuals, has meant that anthropomorphizing is actually quite different, consisting of bodies and collective bodies. When you admit the rules of organization, there will be separate from the primary rules of law, aimed at all, while they would exhaust their effectiveness in public bodies. By now you are aware of the relevance of the organization, because the discipline that the rule distributes power between the offices and then determines the weight, with respect to “other public offices and to the citizens.

The term function corresponds to several meanings, some of which are purely descriptive others refer to some aspects of the administration. Leaving aside the sense in which you indicate the functions of the state, coinciding with the powers that you have, the traditional division into executive, legislative and judicial will try to secrete and sometimes indiscriminately use common sense and the different meanings which is intended. Functions are identified as tasks intended for the purpose of the State, with them when you want to indicate that function or duty of the state is, for example for the well-being of citizens. Then there is the opposition to the service, to which all the directors would fall within one of the functions and public services, the dutiful activities in which it occurs. Both activities are necessary for the functioning of the community, but while the function summarizes a report that objectively and subjectively public service can be performed by a private entity, such as bus service, while referring to an activity carried out in the public interest. Function is the activity aimed at an end in the sense it is said that the property has a social function, that it may regulate the social purposes. To unbundle the term is not examined in the different aspects, each of which has some relevance to reality, shall be deemed to function in its entirety, so you want with it all the administration as a whole which is subjective and objective in close relationship with the public purpose. The exercise of power results in a complex of activities attributed to a variety of public offices or agencies, all aimed at the effective exercise of power. If then we must understand the complex role of business organizations that designate the administration of the structures, we must also realize that these functions are closely connected with the positive law, a law that will be imposed in view of the changing society and its purposes that will transform into partitions – external defense, internal order, public safety, demographic movement, hygiene and health, education and progress of culture. There is public administration under private law, public transport and communications; administrative action in the economic, administrative action relating to assistance. Similar settings are followed in countries such as England or the United States. These classifications show the wide range of administrative functions and indicate the changes which occurred especially in this century. But the enunciation of matter alone does not exhaust the range of the function – we need to see the powers together, so for example, regarding the economy, there are areas in which the administration has the authority to determine the behavior of private operators, and areas in which work directly with individuals. The police function first seen in relation to the maintenance of public order, and now in terms of collection, selection and evaluation of information (intelligence).

From the analysis it follows that these powers can be given in view of the ultimate goal, or be of an instrumental type as the management of personnel or property. The powers activities typically involve the discipline of private relations, in a fine mingling between public and private interest.

There is a hierarchy of criteria according to which they are placed on a scale pyramid, next to this criterion is that of competence where, for example, regional laws are separate from those of the state – according to the accrual or matter:

1) The sources include superprimarie the Republican Constitution, the Laws amending the Constitution, other constitutional laws, including statutes of the regions with special autonomy. We know that ours is a rigid constitution that requires a special procedure for any amendment or the introduction of rules – constitutional status – Art. 138 -.

2) Primary sources: common law, passed by the Houses of Parliament and promulgated by the President of the Republic. Along with the law of generality and abstraction, are: a) the decision-laws acting in specific instances; b) incentive-laws which provide benefits, tax breaks, loans under Article 71 of the Constitution, such as implementation tools of economic planning, c) more programming in place, always the same standard cost, to achieve the overall objectives; d) the laws of principle or framework laws. Next to the ordinary legislative delegation governed by the laws of finance, with which the State shall, expenses and revenue; tax and financial laws. The legislative process is divided into the stages of the initiative, investigation, decision-making and integrative effectiveness. Delegated legislative decrees (1. August 23, 1988 No 400). The Government carries out the primary law degree, through the delegated legislative decrees (delegated legislation) and decree-laws. The first is by implementing a formal law (statutory instrument) by which the Houses transfer to the Government the exercise of legislative power to give solution to certain materials (reform codes), taking into account the increased technical competence of the Government. This law meets the limits of matter, time and content. A particular form of proxy is what gives rise to unique texts with which they are collected in a systematic way all the previous laws on the same subject. With art. 76 of the Constitution, and may include the. special powers, one of which is laid down – art. 79 of the Constitution, that “Amnesty and pardon are granted by the Father of the Republic of delegation of the law of the Chambers.” Another hypothesis is laid down by article. 78 of the Constitution which states, “The rooms deliberate the state of war and confer the necessary powers”.

Decree-Law

These provide as established by article. 77 the exceptional situations in which the normal mode of production of law would be inadequate. In the assumption of the necessity and urgency the Government issues decrees law, legislation equivalent to primary law. If the decision is up to the Council of Ministers, the issue is with the Presidential Decree countersigned by the President of the Council. It may regulate any matter, unless the boundaries imposed by Art. majority of claimants. In the last phase, if the outcome is positive is declared by presidential decree repealed the law. This decree is published in G.U. and the deletion starts from the day the next. Such a repeal may be delayed for 60 days. Among the primary sources must include regional laws, and those with an ordinary statute and those with special status under Articles. 116 and 117 of the Constitution.